On October 12, 2019, in Vienna, Austria, the world witnessed a monumental moment in athletic history. Eliud Kipchoge, the Kenyan marathon maestro, became the first human to run a marathon distance under two hours, clocking an astounding 1:59:40.2 during the INEOS 1:59 Challenge. While Kipchoge’s unparalleled dedication, training, and mental fortitude were undeniably central to this achievement, a significant spotlight was cast upon his footwear. Dubbed by many as “the shoes that broke the two-hour barrier,” Kipchoge’s 2019 shoes became a focal point of discussions in the running community and beyond. This article delves deep into the technology, controversy, and legacy of the shoes that accompanied Kipchoge in his historic feat.
The Technological Marvel: Nike ZoomX Vaporfly NEXT%
At the heart of the conversation are the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly NEXT% shoes, a culmination of years of research and innovation by Nike’s design team. While Kipchoge’s exact pair was a prototype version, it laid the foundation for the commercially available models that followed.
Key Features:
- Carbon Fiber Plate: One of the most talked-about features is the full-length carbon fiber plate embedded within the midsole. This plate acts like a spring, providing propulsion with each stride and reducing energy loss.
- ZoomX Foam: The midsole is made of Nike’s proprietary ZoomX foam, known for its lightweight nature and superior energy return. This foam offers cushioning without compromising responsiveness.
- Improved Traction and Grip: The outsole design provides enhanced grip, crucial for maintaining speed and stability, especially in varying weather conditions.
- Breathable Upper: The Vaporweave upper material is not only lightweight but also breathable, ensuring the feet remain cool and dry throughout the marathon.
The Science Behind the Speed
The primary goal behind the design of these shoes was to improve running economy. Running economy refers to the amount of oxygen consumed at a given running speed. An improved running economy means an athlete can maintain a faster pace using the same or even less energy.
Studies conducted on the Vaporfly series indicate an approximate 4% improvement in running economy compared to traditional marathon racing shoes. This is achieved through the combination of the carbon fiber plate and the ZoomX foam, which together optimize energy return and reduce muscle fatigue.
The Controversy: “Mechanical Doping” or Fair Play?
With such technological advancements come debates about fairness and the spirit of competition. Critics argue that these shoes provide an “unfair” advantage, coining terms like “mechanical doping.” They contend that while innovation is integral to sports, there’s a fine line between beneficial enhancements and those that distort the competitive balance.
In response to growing concerns, World Athletics (formerly the IAAF) introduced new regulations in early 2020. These rules stipulated that any shoe used in competition must have been available on the market for at least four months, ensuring all athletes have access. Additionally, the thickness of the sole was limited, and the number of embedded plates regulated.
However, it’s essential to note that Kipchoge’s INEOS 1:59 Challenge was not an official race but rather a controlled event designed specifically to break the two-hour barrier. Thus, while his shoes were prototypes, they didn’t violate any existing competition rules at the time.
Beyond the Shoes: The Perfect Storm of Conditions
While the shoes played a role, attributing Kipchoge’s success solely to them would be a disservice to the myriad factors meticulously orchestrated for the INEOS 1:59 Challenge:
- Pacing Strategy: A rotating team of 41 elite pacers, including world-class athletes, maintained a consistent speed, shielding Kipchoge from wind resistance.
- Course Selection: The Prater Hauptallee in Vienna offered a flat and straight course, ideal for maintaining speed.
- Weather Conditions: The event was scheduled to ensure optimal weather – cool temperatures with low humidity.
- Nutrition and Hydration: Customized drinks were delivered via cyclists to ensure Kipchoge remained fueled without breaking his stride.
- Mental Fortitude: Kipchoge’s unwavering belief in his ability and his mantra, “No human is limited,” played a pivotal role.
The Ripple Effect: Impact on the Running World
Kipchoge’s achievement and the spotlight on his footwear have undeniably influenced the running community:
- Technological Race: Competing brands have accelerated their R&D efforts, leading to a surge in high-performance running shoes incorporating carbon plates and advanced foams.
- Accessibility Concerns: With top-tier shoes priced at premium rates, there’s an ongoing debate about accessibility for all athletes, especially those from less affluent backgrounds.
- Performance Benchmarks: As more athletes adopt technologically advanced footwear, marathon records and personal bests are being shattered, leading to discussions about recalibrating performance benchmarks.
Personal Reflections: The Human Element
While technology can provide marginal gains, the heart of any athletic achievement lies within the individual. Kipchoge’s journey to the sub-two-hour marathon was paved with years of relentless training, discipline, and an indomitable spirit. His shoes, while innovative, were tools that complemented his prowess.
Moreover, Kipchoge’s accomplishment transcends time records. It serves as a testament to human potential, inspiring countless individuals to challenge their perceived limits.
Conclusion
Eliud Kipchoge’s 2019 marathon shoes symbolize a fusion of human ambition and technological innovation. They represent a chapter in sports history where boundaries were pushed, and new horizons explored. As the running world continues to evolve, one thing remains certain: the spirit of pushing beyond limitations, embodied by Kipchoge, will continue to inspire generations to come.